Biofilms can be attached to a living or non‐living surface, and the sessile lifestyle promotes genetic and metabolic diversification of microorganisms. Biofilms are a form of bacterial social behaviour that involves the formation of aggregates of one or more species, which confer extra protection when microbes encounter harsh environments. This review article will focus on these four biofilm regulators (ribonucleases, QS, c‐di‐GMP and sRNAs) and the relationships between them.Ībbreviations AIs autoinducers c‐di‐GMP cyclic diguanylate CF cystic fibrosis CT cholera toxin DGCs diguanylate cyclases eDNA extracellular DNA eRNA extracellular RNA Orn Oligoribonuclease PDEs phosphodiesterases pGpG 5‐phosphoguanylyl‐(3′‐5′)‐guanosine PNAG poly‐ N‐acetylglucosamine QS quorum sensing RNases ribonucleases sRNAs small non‐coding RNAs T3SS type III secretion system T6SS type VI secretion system TA toxin‐antitoxinīacterial lifestyle is dependent on environmental conditions and the bacterial capacity to adapt to ecosystems. Currently, ribonucleases are also of interest for their potential role as biofilm regulators, and their relationships with QS, c‐di‐GMP and sRNAs have been investigated. These three regulators in particular are fundamental in all stages of biofilm formation in addition, their pathways overlap, and the significance of their role is strain‐dependent. Biofilm formation is tightly controlled by several regulators, including quorum sensing (QS), cyclic diguanylate (c‐di‐GMP) and small non‐coding RNAs (sRNAs). Biofilms are complex structures encased in a self‐produced polymeric matrix containing numerous components such as polysaccharides, proteins, signalling molecules, extracellular DNA and extracellular RNA. This is especially true in the health sector where biofilm formation on hospital or patient equipment, such as respirators, or catheters, can quickly become a source of anti‐microbial resistant strains. These protective characteristics make eradication of bacterial biofilms challenging. Biochemistry 6, 3650–3653.Biofilms provide an ecological advantage against many environmental stressors, such as pH and temperature, making it the most common life‐cycle stage for many bacteria. (1967) A method for the hybridization of nucleic acid molecules at low temperature. (1977) Rates of formation and thermal stabilities of RNA:DNA and DNA:DNA duplexes at high concentrations of formamide. (1983) A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity. Application to specific modification of DNA. (1981) Photoreaction of thymidine with primary amines. Saito, I., Sugiyama, H., Furukawa, N., Matsuura, T.(1988) Rapid, reversible staining of northern blots prior to hybridization. (1980) Electrophoretic transfer of proteins and nucleic acids from slab gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl cellulose or nitrocellulose sheets. (1994) One-hour downward capillary blotting of RNA at neutral pH. (1973) Gel electrophoresis of RNA under denaturing conditions. Reijnders, L., Sloof, P., Sival, J., Borst, P.(1977) Analysis of single- and double-stranded nucleic acids on polyacrylamide and agarose gels by using glyoxal and acridine orange. (1977) RNA molecular weight determinations by gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, a critical reexamination. (1972) Purification of biologically active globin messenger RNA by chromatography on oligothymidylic acid-cellulose. (1987) Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. A Laboratory Guide for Isolation and Characterization. ![]() Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. (1994) Isolation and characterization of Ribonucleoprotein complexes, in (Higgins, S. (1975) Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. (1979) Detection of specific RNAs or specific fragments of DNA by fractionation in gels and transfer to diazobenzyloxymethyl paper. (1977) Method for detection of specific RNAs in agarose gels by transfer to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper and hybridization with DNA probes.
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